We have been exposed to vaccines since we were born. In fact, when you have no memory, you have already received the first vaccine!
A kind of vaccine:
1. BCG vaccine: the first injection at birth
You must have no memory of the first injection after birth. It is called BCG, and it is usually vaccinated within 24 hours after birth. It belongs to the national immunization program vaccine.
BCG vaccine is mainly used to prevent tuberculous meningitis and hematogenous disseminated tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis is very easy to spread through the respiratory tract. Patients with tuberculosis who excrete bacteria in sputum may inadvertently cough and expectorate the bacteria to exposed children, and the children may get sick with tuberculosis. Infants and young children have weak resistance and are more susceptible to tuberculosis infection. BCG vaccination in neonatal period can improve the specific resistance of infants and young children to tuberculosis.
2. Hepatitis B vaccine: within 24 hours of birth.
Within 24 hours of birth, babies should be vaccinated against hepatitis B. Hepatitis B vaccine, as its name implies, is used to prevent viral hepatitis caused by hepatitis B virus. It belongs to the national immunization program vaccine.
The planned immunization of hepatitis B vaccine should be injected with one dose at birth, one month and six months. If the serum protective antibody disappears in adulthood, it is necessary to strengthen the second vaccination of hepatitis B according to the nature of occupation and living environment. Hepatitis B was once the main disease that endangered the health of Chinese people. Vaccination against hepatitis B virus effectively protected children from infection and greatly reduced the incidence of liver cancer and cirrhosis in adults. Therefore, it is extremely important to vaccinate against hepatitis B..
3. Polio vaccine: the sweetest vaccine
Do you still remember "sugar pill" (live attenuated polio vaccine)? It is an oral bone marrow ash vaccine and belongs to the national immunization program vaccine.
Polio, also known as polio, will cause atrophy and deformity of lower limb muscles after getting sick, and lead to lifelong disability. Its vaccines are divided into attenuated live vaccine and inactivated vaccine.
At present, it is recommended that 2-month-old infants be vaccinated with one dose of inactivated polio vaccine, and children aged 3, 4 months and 4 years should take one "sugar pill" each, for a total of four times.
4. DTP vaccine
DTP vaccine can prevent pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus, and belongs to the national immunization program vaccine. At present, the incidence of pertussis is increasing in China, especially in infants, who are seriously ill. Therefore, it is very important to vaccinate pertussis vaccine in time in infancy.
After the child is born, he will be vaccinated for the first time at the age of 3 months. After that, vaccinate once at the age of 4 months and 5 months after birth, and the interval between each time shall not be less than 28 days; At the age of one and a half to two years old, another injection should be strengthened; Inject 1 shot of refined diphtheria vaccine at the age of 6.
5. DTP vaccine
DTP vaccine is the combined diphtheria and tetanus vaccine, which can prevent diphtheria and tetanus infectious diseases. It belongs to the national immunization program vaccine.
Inoculate 1 dose when the child is 6 years old.
6 measles vaccine (vaccine containing measles vaccine ingredients)
Measles is mainly transmitted through the respiratory tract, which is very contagious and seriously ill. It must be vaccinated on time. The vaccine belongs to the national immunization program vaccine.
At the age of 8 months, you can get the combined vaccine of measles and rubella, and then get the combined vaccine of measles, rubella and mumps again at the age of 18 months, which not only ensures the reliability of the monovalent measles vaccine, but also prevents rubella and mumps. If there is an epidemic situation of measles, the intensive immunization of susceptible people can play a positive role in controlling the epidemic situation and protecting susceptible people.
7. Japanese encephalitis vaccine
Japanese encephalitis is a zoonotic natural epidemic disease, which is an acute infectious disease of the central nervous system caused by Japanese encephalitis virus and spread by mosquitoes, with a high disability rate.
There are two kinds of Japanese encephalitis vaccines used in China: live attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine and inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine, and the live attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine belongs to the national immunization program vaccine.
The attenuated live vaccine was inoculated with two shots, which were inoculated at 8 months and two years old respectively; Four shots were given during the whole vaccination, two shots were given at the age of 8 months (the second shot was given every 710 days), and one shot was given at the age of two and six.
8. meningococcal vaccine
Encephalomyelitis is an acute respiratory infectious disease spread by airborne droplets. Generally, it occurs under the age of 15, especially children from 6 months to 2 years old are most susceptible to infection.
Among the vaccines to prevent meningococcal meningitis, group A meningococcal vaccine is mainly used for children aged 6 months to 18 months, and group A+C meningococcal vaccine is used for children over two years old and adults. It belongs to the national immunization program vaccine.
The specific vaccination method is that infants are vaccinated with the first and second doses of group A meningococcal vaccine at 618 months, and the interval between the two doses should not be less than 3 months; At the age of 3, the first dose of A+C meningococcal vaccine was inoculated. At the age of 6, the second dose of A+C meningococcal vaccine was inoculated.
9. Hepatitis A vaccine
Hepatitis A is an acute infectious disease spread through the digestive tract, mainly through contaminated food, causing acute viral hepatitis. Children and adults are susceptible.
There are two kinds of hepatitis A vaccines used in China: live attenuated vaccine and inactivated vaccine. At present, live attenuated hepatitis A vaccine belongs to the national immunization program vaccine.
Attenuated live vaccine was inoculated at the age of 18 months by one-dose inoculation procedure. The inactivated vaccine was inoculated in two doses, one shot at 18 months old and one shot at two years old.
Second class vaccine
10. Pneumococcal vaccine
Pneumococcal vaccine is currently a second-class vaccine, which is voluntarily vaccinated at its own expense. According to Professor Ceng Guang, the chief researcher of China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, among all vaccine-preventable diseases, pneumococcal disease is the leading cause of death of children under 5 years old in the world. In China, about 30,000 children under 5 years old die of various pneumococcal diseases every year. ④
Thirteen-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine standard procedure has a total of four injections, with three basic immunizations at the age of 2, 4 and 6 months, and one booster immunization at the age of 1215 months.
11. Chickenpox vaccine
Chickenpox vaccine is a second-class self-funded vaccine. Chickenpox, condyloma, chickenpox-an infectious disease caused by herpes zoster virus infection, is mainly spread by airborne droplets, and is highly contagious, especially in children. It is usually contagious 24 hours and 48 hours before the eruption. After suffering from chickenpox in childhood, the latent chickenpox-herpes zoster virus can be activated in adulthood due to low immunity, leading to the onset of herpes zoster.
Inoculate the first dose at 12 months old and the second dose at 4 years old.
12. Influenza vaccine
Chickenpox vaccine is a second-class self-funded vaccine, and some areas are free of charge for special people, such as the elderly over 60 years old. Influenza virus may mutate its antigen every year, which can make people repeatedly infected and sick, so the influenza vaccine strain may be updated every year.
Generally speaking, in the northern region, influenza begins to spread from October to February of the following year. It is recommended to vaccinate one month before the epidemic. Because influenza vaccine strains may be updated every year, and the immune protection produced by influenza vaccine generally lasts for 68 months, influenza vaccine needs to be vaccinated every year.
13. Rotavirus vaccine
Live attenuated rotavirus vaccine is a second-class self-funded vaccine. Almost all children under the age of 5 will develop rotavirus gastroenteritis because of rotavirus infection. The disease is highly contagious and spreads through the fecal route. Therefore, it is necessary for children to be vaccinated with rotavirus as soon as possible.
Domestic monovalent rotavirus vaccine at the age of 2 months?Vaccination at the age of 3 years, once a year, and three doses of imported pentavalent rotavirus vaccine, the first dose at the age of 612 weeks, and the third dose no later than 32 weeks, and the interval between each dose is generally 410 weeks.
14.EV71 vaccine
EV71 is the main virus that causes the epidemic of hand, foot and mouth disease in children in China, especially severe hand, foot and mouth disease is mostly caused by EV71 infection, and severe cases can be fatal. Therefore, China successfully independently developed the inactivated EV71 vaccine, which was used in the prevention of severe hand, foot and mouth disease in children in China in 2016, with good protection effect.
School-age children who are vaccinated with EV71 vaccine are 6 months old and 5 years old, and they are vaccinated with 2 doses, each with an interval of 4 weeks.
You need to know about vaccination!
1. How many vaccines should a person take in his life?
People should be vaccinated with at least 10 kinds of vaccines in their lifetime. First of all, the national free vaccines include BCG vaccine, hepatitis B vaccine, polio vaccine, DTP vaccine, Japanese encephalitis vaccine, epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis vaccine, hepatitis A vaccine, DTP vaccine, measles and rubella vaccine, and measles and measles vaccine.
In addition, there are chicken pox vaccine, rabies vaccine, influenza vaccine, pneumococcal vaccine, rotavirus vaccine, EV71 and other vaccines.
2. Rabies vaccine is the only life-saving vaccine without contraindications!
It is understood that the position document of the World Health Organization (WHO) on rabies vaccine, the relevant disposal specifications, technical guidelines and instructions for vaccine use issued by the state all clearly indicate that there are no contraindications to rabies vaccination after rabies exposure, and it is safe and effective for pregnant women to vaccinate rabies vaccine.
The fatality rate of rabies is 100%, so once a person is bitten by a dog, including pregnant women, the wound should be disinfected and cleaned first, and rabies vaccine and rabies immunoglobulin should be vaccinated as soon as possible.
According to previous statistical data, there is no significant difference between the incidence of adverse reactions of pregnant women injected with rabies vaccine and that of ordinary people.
In view of the high mortality rate of rabies, no matter whether pregnant women are bitten by cats, dogs and other animals at any stage of pregnancy, they must be vaccinated against rabies.
So please remember that rabies vaccine has no contraindications! No matter pregnant women or children, they can choose vaccination as long as there is a risk of infection. ⑩
3. What vaccines are self-funded and non-self-funded?
China is a developing country, and it is impossible to vaccinate all vaccines free of charge at present, so it is divided into free vaccines (vaccines within immunization program) and self-funded vaccines (vaccines without immunization program). No matter whether self-funded vaccine or free vaccine is inoculated, the corresponding diseases can be effectively prevented.
It is foreseeable that in China, more and more second-class vaccines will be included in the first-class vaccine. At present, some areas have given free vaccination against chicken pox vaccine, influenza vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine for special susceptible groups such as the elderly and children.
4. Why should we observe for 30 minutes after vaccination?
Don’t leave immediately after vaccination. It’s best to stay in the hospital for 30 minutes, because the severe allergic reaction caused by vaccine is mostly 15 minutes after injection.?Show up in 30 minutes.
Some children have fever, itching, rash, local redness and other discomfort after injection. These are normal general reactions. When they have a fever, their body temperature is usually not high and will disappear after 12 days. Drink plenty of water if you have a fever. If you have a rash, obvious local redness and pain at the inoculation site or possible allergic reaction, you need to consult a doctor and deal with it accordingly.
5. Vaccines can also prevent cancer?
For liver cancer and cervical cancer, vaccination can play a preventive role. Although cancer is not contagious, some carcinogenic pathogens can be contagious, such as hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus.
Zhuang Hui, an academician of China Academy of Engineering, said at the 19th national academic conference on viral hepatitis and liver diseases that 86% of patients with liver cancer were infected with hepatitis B virus, and 6.7% were infected with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus. Strengthening vaccination is the most effective measure to prevent hepatitis B..
The occurrence of cervical cancer goes through the process of human papillomavirus infection, persistent infection, precancerous lesion and cancer. Zhang Jun, a professor at the School of Public Health of Xiamen University, said in an interview with Health Times that bivalent or tetravalent vaccine has the same effect in preventing cervical cancer, both of which can prevent 70% of cervical cancer, and the nine-valent vaccine can prevent 90% of cervical cancer.
