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CCTV News:According to the official measurement by China Seismological Network, at 9: 48 last night (May 21st), an earthquake of magnitude 6.4 occurred in Yangbi County, Dali Prefecture, Yunnan Province, with a focal depth of 8 kilometers. The epicenter was located at 25.67 degrees north latitude and 99.87 degrees east longitude.

According to the China Seismological Network, as of 8: 00 this morning (May 22), there were still aftershocks in the area. Yang Guozong, secretary of the Dali State Party Committee, said that there were obvious earthquakes in 12 counties and cities in the whole state.

In addition, Kunming, Baoshan, Lijiang and other places in Yunnan, as well as neighboring Panzhihua and Liangshan, have obvious earthquakes.

A press conference was held in Dali this morning. According to preliminary statistics, as of 6: 00 this morning, the Yangbi 6.4 earthquake in Yunnan killed three people, including two in Yangbi County and one in yong ping. Another 28 people were injured. At present, 192 houses have collapsed.

Wang Xi, a reporter from the General Station, has arrived at the resettlement site of the Dadizi village group in Yangbi County, which is located in the epicenter. Let’s connect with Wang Xi immediately and ask him to introduce the resettlement situation of the local affected people.

Wang Xi, a reporter from the General Station, said that tents for temporary resettlement sites have been set up. There are 380 centralized resettlement sites in Yangbi County, and more than 86,000 people will be resettled centrally and dispersed.

Since May 18th, there have been several earthquakes in Yangbi County, Dali Prefecture, and an earthquake of magnitude 6.4 occurred last night. The last earthquake of magnitude 6 or above in western Yunnan was in 2014. So what is the cause of this Yunnan earthquake? What is the difference from previous earthquakes? Is it related to the Qinghai earthquake? Come and connect with the reporter who is being interviewed by China Seismological Network Center immediately, and bring us an interpretation.

CCTV reporter Cui Shijie interviewed Liu Jie, a researcher at China Seismological Network Center. Liu Jie said that the western Yunnan region is a multi-earthquake area, and the Yunnan earthquake belongs to the pre-main residual earthquake sequence. It is unlikely that a bigger earthquake will occur in Yunnan, and the Qinghai earthquake has nothing to do with the Yunnan earthquake.

　　As the largest Marxist ruling party in the world, our Party is unique and unprecedented in its organizational scale and the number of people in party member. Dialectically, there are great advantages and great difficulties. If we manage the party effectively and gather great strength, our party will be invincible, and we will be able to do great things, build great achievements and create miracles, otherwise we will accomplish nothing. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized in the party’s Report to the 20th CPC National Congress: "We must always remain sober and firm in solving the unique problems of the big party." Keeping awake and firm in solving the unique problems of the big party at all times is related to the life and death of the party and the success or failure of the party. It is a problem that the party must answer and solve well in the new era and new journey. So, what are the "unique problems" our party faces and how to solve them? At the Second Plenary Session of the 20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader delivered an important speech and made an important exposition on "Six Ways to Always", which pointed out the direction of action and provided fundamental follow-up for the whole party to stay awake and firm at all times and solve the unique problems of the big party.

　　We must always be in Do not forget your initiative mind and remember our mission.

　　This is the first problem expounded by the Supreme Leader General Secretary to solve the unique problems of the big party, emphasizing "how to always stay in Do not forget your initiative mind and remember the mission". The reason why General Secretary of the Supreme Leader raised this question is to remind the whole party not to forget the fundamental question of what the Communist Party of China (CPC) is and what to do, and who I am, for whom and on whom I depend. The party’s initial heart and mission are the concentrated expression of the party’s nature, purpose, ideals and beliefs, and goals. This issue is related to the fundamental issue of building, rejuvenating and strengthening the Party, and the roots, spiritual pillars and political souls of the Communist Party of China (CPC) people.

　　Since its birth, our Party has made it its initial mission to seek happiness for the people of China and rejuvenation for the Chinese nation, and has always adhered to the communist ideal and socialist belief, which has been consistently reflected in all the Party’s struggles. For more than 100 years, the party has led the people to fight bloody battles and persevere, creating great achievements in the new-democratic revolution; Self-reliance and striving for strength have created great achievements in socialist revolution and construction; Emancipating the mind and forging ahead have created great achievements in reform, opening up and socialist modernization; Self-confidence, self-improvement, integrity and innovation have created Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s great achievements in the new era and written the most magnificent epic in the history of the Chinese nation for thousands of years. What does it depend on? It depends on our party’s lofty ideals and lofty pursuits, and on the the Communist Party of China (CPC) people’s persistent adherence to their initial mission. History and reality have repeatedly proved that a political party with lofty ideals and lofty pursuits and a firm initial mission will be strong and invincible. A party member cadre who has always been in Do not forget your initiative mind and kept his mission in mind will be able to stand up the spiritual backbone of communist party people and be "free from the east, west, north and south".

　　In the new era and new journey, the goals are more ambitious, the tasks are more arduous, and the challenges are increasingly severe. It is necessary for all comrades in the Party to be sure of Do not forget your initiative mind and keep their mission in mind. We should persist in casting our souls with Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought, the supreme leader in the new era, and always strengthen our faith in Marxism, Socialism with Chinese characteristics and communism, so as to "make ourselves indestructible". We must always adhere to the people’s supremacy, take the hearts of the people as the heart, share the same breath with the people, share the same destiny, and keep the flesh-and-blood ties between the party and the people, and always maintain the party’s advanced nature and purity.

　　We must always unify our thinking, our will and our actions.

　　This is the second problem expounded by the Supreme Leader General Secretary to solve the unique problems of the big party, emphasizing "how to always unify thoughts, will and actions". The reason why the Supreme Leader General Secretary raised this issue is to remind the whole party that nothing can be done without the authority of the CPC Central Committee and centralized and unified leadership, and without the unity of thinking and the unity of pace of the whole party and the whole country. This issue is by no means a general issue or a personal matter, but a directional, principled and fundamental issue, which concerns the future and destiny of the party and the country and the fundamental interests of the people.

　　Judging from the history of the party, whenever our party maintains unity and unity, our cause will win; Whenever the unity and unity of our party are undermined, our cause will suffer setbacks. Before Zunyi Conference, the cause of the Party and the people suffered many setbacks because our Party did not form a mature Central Committee and the unity of the whole Party. Zunyi Conference began to establish the leading position of the correct Marxist line with Comrade Mao Zedong as the main representative in the CPC Central Committee, and began to form the first generation of central collective leadership of the Party with Comrade Mao Zedong as the core, which opened a new stage for the Party to independently solve practical problems of the China revolution, saved the Party, the Red Army and the China revolution at the most critical juncture, and enabled the Party to defeat separatism in Zhang Guotao, successfully complete the Long March and open a new situation of the China revolution. Since then, our party has been moving from victory to victory. After the reform and opening up, the Party has made continuous efforts to strengthen and improve its leadership, which has provided a fundamental political guarantee for the development of the cause of the Party and the country. At the same time, there are also many problems in the party, such as vague understanding and weak action in upholding the party’s leadership, weakening, blurring, diluting and marginalizing the implementation of the party’s leadership, especially the ineffective implementation of the important decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee, some of which have policies and countermeasures, and even act with duplicity and without authorization, which seriously affects the party’s image and prestige and seriously damages the party’s leadership role. History and reality have proved that only when the CPC Central Committee has authority can the whole Party be firmly United and the people of all ethnic groups in the country be closely United.Form a majestic force that is United as one and invincible. The unity and unity of the party is the future and destiny of the party and the people, and the fundamental interests of the people of all ethnic groups in the country. It is very important to ensure the unity, centralization and unification of the Party, and to safeguard the authority of the CPC Central Committee, which cannot be vague or shaken at any time and under any circumstances.

　　In the new era and new journey, to unify thoughts, will and actions, we must profoundly understand the decisive significance of "two establishment", strengthen "four consciousnesses", strengthen "four self-confidences" and achieve "two maintenance". It is necessary to uphold and strengthen the centralized and unified leadership of the CPC Central Committee, improve the party’s leadership system, improve the implementation mechanism of major decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee, and ensure that the whole party maintains a high degree of consistency with the CPC Central Committee with the supreme leader as the core in political stance, political direction, political principles and political road. In the face of major issues and severe situations, the whole party should always think in one place, work hard in one place, and move forward as one.

　　We must always have strong ruling ability and leadership level.

　　This is the third problem expounded by the Supreme Leader General Secretary to solve the unique problems of the big party, emphasizing "how to always have a strong ruling ability and leadership level". The reason why the Supreme Leader General Secretary raised this question is to remind the whole party that a party that has been in power for a long time in a country with a population of more than 1.4 billion will not be able to unite and lead the people to complete the mission of a new era and a new journey in the face of the great changes in the world that have never happened in a century and the fact that China is in a critical period of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. This issue is the key to strengthen and improve the leadership of the Party, which is of great significance and determines the overall situation.

　　Our party has always attached great importance to the learning and ability improvement of the whole party, especially leading cadres, along the way, from weak to strong, from local governance to national governance, establishing a new China, carrying out socialist revolution and construction, and implementing reform and opening up. As early as the Yan ‘an period, Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out: "There is a panic in our team, not an economic panic, nor a political panic, but a skill panic." Comrade Mao Zedong asked the whole party: "Learn while doing, learn war in the war, and increase talents in practice. This is our dialectics in communist party!" At the beginning of the reform and opening-up, Comrade Deng Xiaoping emphasized that we should attach importance to and study the party’s ruling ability. "If we don’t study this problem well and solve it, we can’t uphold the party’s leadership and improve the party’s prestige." Comrade Deng Xiaoping called on the whole party to "study again". General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "It is necessary to enhance learning skills, create a strong atmosphere of being good at learning and being brave in practice in the whole party, build a Marxist learning party, and promote the construction of a learning country." Looking back on the course of struggle in the past century, our party has come to this day by relying on learning and creating great achievements by relying on learning. Short rope can’t draw deep wells, and shallow water can’t bear big boats. The more the cause of the party and the state develops, the higher the requirements for the ability of leading cadres. Faced with new situations and problems,Some cadres fail to use the new method, the old method doesn’t work, the hard method doesn’t dare to use it, the soft method doesn’t work, they lack knowledge and skills, violate the law and act blindly, which brings serious losses to the cause of the party and the state. History and reality have fully proved that our party should be both politically competent and technically competent. You should have both broad shoulders and real ability to accomplish things.

　　In the new era and new journey, to improve the party’s ruling ability and leadership level, it is necessary to enhance the ability to promote high-quality development, serve the masses, prevent and resolve risks, and improve the ability to prevent risks, meet challenges and resist repression. Be diligent and good at learning, learn from books, practice and people. It is necessary to take investigation and research as the basic skill, vigorously carry out investigation and research, go deep into the grassroots, the masses and the reality, and ask for politics, plans and policies for the people. We must constantly improve the level of scientific, democratic and legal governance. It is necessary to strengthen ideological tempering, political experience, practical training and professional training, constantly sharpen and improve the level of ability in major struggles, and shoulder the historical responsibility of national rejuvenation.

　　The entrepreneurial spirit of officers must always be maintained.

　　This is the fourth problem expounded by the Supreme Leader General Secretary to solve the unique problems of the big party, emphasizing "how to always maintain the entrepreneurial spirit of the officials". The reason why the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader raised this question is to remind the whole party that the big party is in power for a long time, and it is easy to pursue comfort and enjoyment, so that it is slack, depressed and not enterprising. People can’t stand without spirit, and countries can’t stand without spirit. This issue is related to whether the Party can maintain the revolutionary spirit forever, strengthen the revolutionary fighting spirit, continue the spiritual blood of communist party people, and summon up the spirit of forging ahead in a new journey and building a new era, so as to take a new road to catch the exam.

　　Where history begins, the spirit comes from. Along the way of our Party, generations of the Communist Party of China (CPC) people have worked hard and made unremitting efforts, and formed the spirit of Jinggangshan, Soviet Area, Long March, Zunyi Conference, Yan ‘an, Anti-Japanese War, Hongyan, Xibaipo, Zhaojin, Northeast Anti-Union, Nanniwan, Taihang (Luliang), Dabie Mountain, Yimeng, Old District, and so on. The spirit of resisting US aggression and aiding Korea, the spirit of "two bombs and one satellite", the spirit of Lei Feng, the spirit of Jiao Yulu, the spirit of Daqing (iron man), the spirit of Hongqi Canal, the spirit of the Great Northern Wilderness, the spirit of Saihanba, the spirit of "two roads", the spirit of old Xizang (Kong Fansen), the spirit of moving westward and the spirit of Wang Jie; The spirit of reform and opening up, the spirit of the special zone, the spirit of fighting floods, the spirit of fighting SARS, the spirit of earthquake relief, the spirit of manned space flight, the spirit of model workers (labor spirit, craftsman spirit), the spirit of Qinghai-Tibet Railway, and the spirit of women’s volleyball; The the Communist Party of China (CPC) people’s spiritual pedigree, including the spirit of getting rid of poverty, fighting against epidemic, the spirit of "three cows", the spirit of scientists, the spirit of entrepreneurship, the spirit of exploring the moon, the spirit of Beidou in the new era and the spirit of Silk Road, has become a comprehensive embodiment of the Communist Party of China (CPC) people’s ideals and beliefs, political character, sense of purpose, will quality and spiritual outlook, which has provided us with rich nourishment for building and strengthening the party. The history of the party’s hundred years of struggle shows that,Only a political party with great spirit can lead the people to win a great struggle and create a great cause. Li Dazhao said: "The road of history is not all smooth, and sometimes it comes to the realm of difficulties and obstacles, which can only be rushed by the heroic spirit." The great achievements of the new era are made by the party and the people. History tells us that people should have a little spirit, and political parties with revolutionary and desperate spirit will be invincible.

　　In the new era and new journey, to always maintain the entrepreneurial spirit of the officers, it is necessary to carry forward the great spirit of party building, inherit the red genes, and continue the red blood; We must dare to fight, be good at fighting, and rely on tenacious struggle to open up a new world of career development; It is necessary to carry forward the great historical initiative, be brave in taking responsibility, and forge ahead courageously in meeting challenges and overcoming difficulties.

　　We must always be able to find and solve our own problems in time.

　　This is the fifth problem to solve the unique problems of the big party elaborated by the Supreme Leader General Secretary, emphasizing "how to always find and solve their own problems in time". The reason why General Secretary of the Supreme Leader raised this question is to remind the whole party to be brave in upholding the truth and correcting mistakes. This issue is related to whether the Party can break through the worldwide difficult problem of "it is easy to change others’ lives, but it is difficult to change one’s own", and whether it can remain youthful and energetic in confronting problems and overcoming shortcomings.

　　It is an unprecedented great undertaking to carry out revolution, construction and reform in a big country like China, and to promote the great historical cause of national rejuvenation. It is inevitable that mistakes or even mistakes will occur in the exploration. However, with the support of the people, our party has overcome difficulties, corrected mistakes and moved towards the bright future by relying on its own strength. It can be said that it has been a few times to survive, and it has been a few times. It is in this process that our party has become stronger and more mature. History and reality have proved that the greatness of the party lies not in not making mistakes, but in never being afraid of diseases and doctors, actively carrying out criticism and self-criticism, daring to face problems directly and being brave in self-revolution.

　　In the new era and new journey, if we can always find and solve our own problems in time, we must persist in emancipating our minds, seeking truth from facts, advancing with the times, seeking truth and being pragmatic, carrying forward the spirit of self-revolution, constantly eliminating all factors that damage the Party’s advanced nature and purity, constantly eliminating all viruses that erode the Party’s healthy body, and building the Party into a Marxist ruling party that is always at the forefront of the times, wholeheartedly supported by the people, brave in self-revolution, able to withstand all kinds of storms and tests, and full of vitality.

　　We must always maintain a clean and upright political ecology.

　　This is the sixth problem expounded by the Supreme Leader General Secretary to solve the unique problems of the big party, emphasizing "how to always maintain a clean and upright political ecology". The reason why the Supreme Leader General Secretary raised this issue is to remind the whole party that political ecology, like natural ecology, is easily polluted if it is not paid attention to, and it will cost a lot to recover once problems arise. This issue is related to the party’s physical health, whether our party can gather strong positive energy, and whether our party can never deteriorate, change color or taste.

　　Our Party is the vanguard of the working class in China, as well as the people of Chinese and the Chinese nation. It has no special interests of its own, never represents any interest group, any power group or any privileged class, and it is absolutely not allowed to have various interest groups within the Party, nor is it allowed to form a party for selfish ends. It is our party’s fine tradition and political advantage to carry out serious inner-party political life and create a good political ecology. Gutian Conference put forward the principle of ideological party building and political army building, which emphasized that party member’s thoughts and life within the Party should be politicized and scientific. The success of Zunyi Conference is due to the restoration of democratic centralism, the active ideological struggle within the Party and the normal life within the Party. After the rectification movement in Yan ‘an, our party gradually formed the basic norms of inner-party political life with the main contents of seeking truth from facts, integrating theory with practice, keeping close contact with the masses, criticizing and self-criticizing, democratic centralism, and strict party discipline in the long-term practice, which ensured that the party was full of vitality. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core has set an example, firmly promoted the comprehensive and strict administration of the party, adhered to the close combination of ideological party building and institutional party management, concentrated put in order’s party style, severely punished corruption, and purified the political ecology within the party, which has shown a new atmosphere in the political life within the party and won the hearts and minds of the party. History and reality fully prove that when the political ecology is good, people’s hearts will be smooth and healthy; When the political ecology is not good, people will be distracted and ill.

　　In the new era and new journey, to maintain a clean and upright political ecology, it is necessary to be serious about the political life within the Party, cultivate a positive and healthy political culture within the Party, carry forward and practice the values of loyalty, honesty, fairness and decency, seeking truth from facts, honesty and integrity, and advocate a clean and refreshing relationship between comrades, a well-behaved relationship between superiors and subordinates, and a pro-clean political and business relationship. Adhere to the strict tone to strengthen the discipline and discipline, and resolutely oppose corruption with the determination and will to blow the charge forever. Adhere to the correct orientation of employing people, select and use good cadres, promote the elimination of the able, the mediocre and the inferior, and gather the majestic power of building a socialist modern country in an all-round way and promoting the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation with the strong positive energy of the whole party.

　　(The author is the Dean of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China Institute of Party History and Literature)

　　Detailed implementation rules of Tianjin Water Supply Group Co., Ltd. on implementing ladder water price for residential water use

　　Tianjin North Network News:According to the requirements of the Notice of the Municipal Development and Reform Commission on the implementation of ladder water price for residents in our city (J.F.R.C. [2015] No.986), these detailed rules are formulated.

　　I. Principles of implementation

　　The residential ladder water price shall be implemented according to the residential ladder water price determined by the municipal price department and the implementation time requirements.

　　Second, the implementation time

　　The residential ladder water price has been implemented since November 1, 2015.

　　Third, the scope of implementation

　　"One household, one meter" residential users in six districts of the city, four districts around the city and Jinghai area implement ladder water prices.

　　Four, the "household" identification criteria

　　1. In principle, the residential ladder water price is based on household users, and the family residence corresponding to a property certificate is one household; If there is no property certificate, the water meter installed by the water supply enterprise for residents shall prevail.

　　2. For a multi-meter user with one household, the water consumption shall be calculated by household.

　　3. For meters with tap water instead of reclaimed water, the meters shall be managed by one household and the water consumption shall be calculated by households.

　　Five, a multi-population ladder water price and water base nuclear increase procedures for the measures

　　1, indoor population of 4 people and less than 4 people do not need to apply for water base nuclear increase procedures.

　　2. Resident users with an indoor population of more than 4 people can apply for the procedures of increasing the water consumption base before the end of the measurement cycle, with the original residence booklet of this Municipality or the actual residence certificate provided by the neighborhood (village) committee, the original ID card of the handling personnel and my contact telephone number and other materials, to apply for it in the water supply service business hall in the residential area.

　　3, the same family members can only apply for a set of real estate water base nuclear increase procedures, repeated applications will not be handled.

　　4. After the procedure of "one household with many people" is completed, the water base is valid for 4 years, and residents should go to the water supply enterprise for the renewal procedure of "one household with many people" two months before the expiration of the validity period. If it is not handled within the time limit, it will no longer be implemented according to the water policy of "one household with many people". "One household with many people" users should go through the formalities of population increase or decrease in the water supply service business hall in the residential area if there is any change within the validity period of 4 years.

　　Six, residential ladder water price measurement cycle, accounting methods, grading water and price.

　　(1) Measurement cycle

　　Residents’ step-by-step water consumption is measured according to the annual cycle. When the annual cumulative water consumption reaches the critical point of the step-by-step water consumption base, the step price increase will be implemented. The measurement cycle of ladder water price is from November 1st of each year to October 31st of the following year, and it is not accumulated or carried forward between annual cycles.

　　(2) Accounting methods

　　1, mechanical meter or remote meter residents to implement the accounting method of ladder water price.

　　(1) Calculate the ladder water consumption and ladder water fee according to the accumulated water quantity of each meter reading in the metering cycle.

　　(2) Since the implementation date of the ladder water price, the water supply enterprises have accumulated the water consumption in the current metering cycle from the copied water quantity in the second meter reading cycle, and conducted the ladder water fee accounting. That is, users who read meters in a single month will start to calculate the stepped water volume based on the water volume read in January 2016; Users who read the meter every two months will start to calculate the ladder water quantity based on the water quantity read in February 2016.

　　2, IC card table residents to implement the accounting method of ladder water price.

　　(1) Calculate the ladder water consumption and ladder water fee according to the accumulated water purchase amount in the metering period. That is, from November 1, 2015, the ladder water quantity accounting will be started based on the user’s water purchase quantity.

　　(2)IC card meter users can purchase water as needed in the metering cycle. In principle, the amount of water purchased in a single water form shall not exceed the first step water base of the current metering cycle at most.

　　(3) Graded water quantity and price

　　The water consumption of residential ladder water price users in each metering cycle is divided into three levels, and the water price is graded and increased.

　　1, the indoor population of 4 people and 4 people below the family classification of water quantity and price:

　　2. For families with more than 4 people, the annual water consumption of each step will increase by 36 cubic meters for each additional person.

　　Seven, for a small number of residents who do not have the measurement conditions of "one household, one meter", the ladder water price will not be implemented for the time being, and the first ladder water price will be implemented.

　　8. For non-resident users (including schools, nursing homes and social welfare institutions approved by civil affairs departments) who implement the price of domestic water, the water price shall be 5.55 yuan per cubic meter in accordance with the provisions of the document.

　　Nine, residential users due to the transfer of housing (such as inheritance, sale, gift, etc.) when property rights change, should be to the housing area water supply business hall for name change transfer procedures, after the change, re-approved measurement cycle and ladder water base, and from the next meter reading cycle began to step water consumption and ladder water fee accounting.

　　Ten, the implementation of the ladder water price of residential users because of the rental relationship, water supply enterprises according to the original user ladder water consumption accumulation, not because of the change of user lease relationship and re approved ladder water base.

　　Eleven, give full consideration to the affordability of poor families in our city, and their basic living standards will not be reduced because of the implementation of the ladder water price system. For four types of user groups with annual water consumption exceeding the first ladder base, such as low-income households, poor households, low-income households and key entitled groups, the water fee beyond the first ladder will be paid first and then returned. The above-mentioned users shall, with the proof issued by the street office or neighborhood committee where the residence is located, their ID card and the water fee payment voucher, go to the water supply service business hall in their respective region for the return of the water fee exceeding part of the ladder in the previous metering period in the next year.

　　If you need further consultation, you can call Tianjin convenience service hotline 88908890 or Tianjin water supply hotline 96655 and the water supply service business hall in your area.

　　Tianjin tap water group co., ltd

　　October 30, 2015

　　　　[Guangming Shuhua]　　　　

　　　　Disaster has always been an important content and theme of drama narration. Shakespeare’s plays are undoubtedly the highest achievement of English drama in the Renaissance and an important part of English literature. In many plays, Shakespeare described a particularly special and terrible disaster-plague.

　　　　For example, there is a key scene in Romeo and Juliet. Father Lawrence sent his confidant John to send a crucial letter to Romeo. Because John accidentally walked into a plague-infected family when he passed through the plague-stricken area, the patrolman locked him in an isolated room, which delayed the delivery of the letter to Romeo as scheduled. It was because of the delay in this letter that Romeo took "dead Juliet" for granted and chose to commit suicide. Actually, Juliet is just in a deep coma after drinking medicine.

　　　　This scene not only reasonably explains why the letter didn’t arrive on time, but also truly describes the situation of everyone fearing for themselves after the plague. We learned from this that even in the 16th century when Shakespeare lived, the plague areas would take corresponding isolation measures. During the plague, the infected people were blocked in the house and were not allowed to go out; People who enter the city from outside should also be isolated in order to prevent the spread of the epidemic.

　　　　In addition, there are descriptions of the plague to varying degrees in plays such as Antony and Cleopatra, Coe Leoline, King Lear, Trollos and Cresida, and Timon of Athens. Shakespeare described plagues many times in his plays because he experienced and witnessed a dangerous and special era with frequent plagues.

1. Venus and adonis made Shakespeare famous.

　　　　In Shakespeare’s life, he suffered many major plagues. Peter Akrod mentioned in Shakespeare’s Biography that in the summer of 1564, the year when Shakespeare was born, in less than six months, about 237 residents died one after another, accounting for 1/10 of the total population of the parish, and only one third of the babies born in the town lived to one year old. Shakespeare became a survivor after the plague when his mother took him to a nearby village to take refuge.

　　　　Shakespeare is indeed a survivor and lucky one blessed by God. In the summer of 1592, the large-scale Black Death broke out in London until 1594, resulting in the death of one in every 12 residents, and Shakespeare, who made a living in London at that time, was lucky enough to escape again. Like contemporary writers, he was always threatened by plague and death, and his career was invaded by plague many times. Many of his neighbors, friends and audiences died in the plague one after another, but it is a miracle that he survived the plague and wrote immortal plays.

　　　　At that time, London, like other places in Europe, had limited official measures to control the spread and spread of the plague. Compared with the epidemic prevention and control mechanism all over the world in today’s Internet age, the plague control method at that time was very simple, and posting public notices was one of them. After a particularly serious plague, the government will print relevant notices and post them in more conspicuous public areas of the city to educate the public on matters needing attention in epidemic prevention. After the disaster, the government will also print a "Death List" with the parish as the unit to count and publicize the number of deaths.

　　　　Due to the spread of the plague, the London Public Theatre was forced to close in February 1593 and did not reopen until a year later. It rained all night, and after the public theater was briefly opened, the Privy Council ordered that acting be banned within 5 miles of London, and Shakespeare and his theater were in trouble. What was Shakespeare doing during the plague period from 1592 to 1594, when he lost his livelihood because of the closure of the theater? What does he do for a living? Although he can play some plays in the private houses of court nobles, this kind of gag performance is unreliable, and that meager income can’t guarantee him to support his family at all. During the plague, Shakespeare, if he wanted to stay in London, had to find other ways to make money, on the one hand, to support his family in Strafford, on the other hand, to find other jobs and outlets to replace acting. For those who were engaged in literary and artistic creation at that time, the most important thing was to find a sponsor.

　　　　As we all know, the most important patron of Shakespeare’s life is the Earl of Southampton. Venus and adonis, a long poem dedicated to the Earl of Southampton, was published in April, 1593. It is the first known poem published by Shakespeare, with a total of 1,194 lines. The creation of the long poem coincided with the plague in England. The main material of this long poem came from Ovid’s Metamorphosis. Young Shakespeare’s ideal was to be Ovid’s successor in England. Shakespeare wrote this long poem, on the one hand, because during the plague, he urgently needed to win the trust and support of his patron, Earl of Southampton; On the other hand, I want to show my talent in drawing lessons from and using classical literature resources, which is not inferior to those Cambridge students like Marlowe and Spencer, because they once ridiculed Shakespeare as a peasant who didn’t know grammar.

　　　　After the publication of this long poem, its popularity was unexpected by Shakespeare himself. It is said that almost every woman in a noble family in London has a copy of Venus and adonis on her desk, and it is also popular to copy Shakespeare’s poems among college students in Cambridge and students in the four major law schools. It can be said that what really made Shakespeare famous overnight was this long poem written during the plague. It is with this long poem that Shakespeare’s genius was appreciated by the Earl of Southampton. Scholars believe that Shakespeare’s second narrative poem "The Humiliation of Lucretius" may have been written during this period of avoiding the plague, and the poem reflects the true story in Roman history.

　　　　During the outbreak of the plague in London in 1592-1593, Shakespeare’s two narrative long poems, Venus and adonis and the Disgrace of Lucretius, made him famous and gained fame and fortune. The plague in Elizabethan period not only did not destroy Shakespeare’s poetic genius, but in a sense allowed him to stay away from complicated affairs temporarily. Under the protection of the Earl of Southampton, in a relatively comfortable environment, Shakespeare was able to devote himself to poetry creation and survived the terrible time when the plague prevailed.

Never let sad tears soak his plays.

　　　　Great changes in the history of the times can influence the rise and fall of drama, but not the talent of poets.

　　　　From December 1592 to 1593, London closed public theaters because of the plague; After a brief opening in 1594, it was closed in April and mid-May of that year because of a new epidemic. This repeated tossing caused some actors to change careers during the epidemic, and a large number of troupes were dissolved, and few troupes finally survived.

　　　　Shakespeare himself still insisted on preparing for the post-disaster reconstruction troupe during the plague-ridden period. He knew that many troupes would not persist, and those who persisted would be the final winners. In February 1594, Shakespeare completed the revenge tragedy Titus Andlau Knicks, which was the first published Shakespeare play. Then he created several historical dramas such as Richard II and King John.

　　　　Shortly after the plague, in May of 1594, under the protection of Baron Henston, the "Palace Minister Troupe" was established. Shakespeare also joined the troupe, and he contributed all the plays he had written in the past as the capital of his shareholding. Shakespeare is one of the eight shareholders of the troupe. According to The Chronicle of Shakespeare, it was from 1594 that he began his great cooperation with richard burbage.

　　　　During this period, Shakespeare, as the main actor and screenwriter of the troupe, wrote and acted. In 1594, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Romeo and Juliet and Richard II premiered one after another. As the first stage of Shakespeare’s creation, He has completed the futile love (1594), A Midsummer Night’s Dream (1596), The Merchant of Venice (1596), Henry IV (Part 1 /1596), The Merry Wives of Windsor (1597) and Henry IV (Part 2/1596). On the eve of the Earl of Essex’s rebellion in 1601, Shakespeare’s troupe performed charles ii at the Globe Theatre. Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night also premiered in this year. Perhaps to bring some joy and comfort to people who are negative and world-weary after the plague, Shakespeare created many comedies after the plague.

　　　　However, the good times did not last long, and then in 1603, a large-scale plague broke out again, which made the originally turbulent national situation even more precarious. On March 24th, 1603, the Queen died at the age of seventy. The Tudor Dynasty, which began in henry vii and lasted for 118 years for five monarchs, came to an end. The air of death all over London aggravated the sadness of the queen’s death. As the Queen’s designated heir to the throne, James I succeeded.

　　　　James I brought changes to the theatre environment in London. On May 17, 1603, the "Palace Minister Troupe" was officially reorganized into the "King Sacrifice Troupe", and on May 19, the King of England issued a letter of patent. It probably means that no matter where Shakespeare’s troupe performs after the plague subsides, all localities should not only allow but also give the best support and assistance, but also give considerable courtesy. In the first ten years of James I’s reign, the actors of the Globe Theatre were invited to perform at the court more than ten times a year on average. At this time, Shakespeare already had the privilege of symbolizing identity.

　　　　In 1603, when the plague reached its peak, London officially printed the Death List, which was published every week for a penny, and thousands of names appeared on the death list with a huge print run. As today, once the citizens knew that the plague appeared in the city, the only way they could think of was to flee, but fleeing caused a greater spread of the plague. The nobles fled to the country villas to take refuge, but it was the same for the poor everywhere, so the poor were the ones who died the most in the plague. In order to prevent the people who fled the city from further aggravating the spread of the plague, the government will also issue regulations on isolation and confinement to restrict freedom of movement. Nevertheless, the plague in 1603 killed one fifth of the population.

　　　　During the plague, Shakespeare never put down his pen, and after the plague, he ushered in a turning point in his personal destiny. He not only wrote tit for tat (1604), Othello (1604), All’s well that ends well (1605), King Lear (1605) and Macbeth (1606).

　　　　During the plague, the theater was forced to close, and the official announcement prohibited "the audience gathering together" because it was particularly easy to lead to "large-scale infection of the plague or the epidemic of other infectious diseases". Without an audience, the troupe can’t survive. In order to survive, most troupes have moved to other provinces, from fixed places to traveling performances, and Shakespeare’s troupes often tour other provinces. In the history of London, the longest periods of theater closure were: 1581-1582, 1592-1593, 1603-1604, 1608-1609, 1625, 1630, 1636-1637, 1640 and 1641, respectively. The impact of theater closure on the troupe was as follows

　　　　In 1605, Shakespeare didn’t take part in the touring performance of the King’s Sacrifice Troupe. After Othello in 1604, Shakespeare devoted himself to the writing of King Lear, which was completed in early 1606 at the latest. Perhaps it is the direct context of the plague. Shakespeare asked King Lear to use the words "revenge, plague, death and chaos" in his curse on his daughter Reagan and her husband Cornwall, and denounced her as "a plague sore hidden in my corrupt blood". The exact time of script writing has been controversial in academic circles. Some scholars speculate that King Lear was written around the end of 1605 according to Gloucester’s lines in one scene and two scenes, "These recent solar and lunar eclipses are not good omen" and the phenomena of solar and lunar eclipses that occurred in September 1605.

　　　　Since then, Shakespeare has entered the most mature creative period of his life.

3. Look at the impermanence of life with rational eyes

　　　　Shakespeare, who has experienced the test of plague and death, naturally has a deeper understanding of the nature of the world and life. In The Tempest (1611), he borrowed Prospero’s words:

　　　　Our party is over. Our actors,

　　　　I once told you that it was a group of elves;

　　　　All of them have vanished into thin smoke.

　　　　Like the illusory composition of this illusion,

　　　　A castle in the clouds, a magnificent palace,

　　　　Solemn temples, even the earth itself,

　　　　And everything on earth, will also dissipate,

　　　　Just like this illusion, there is not even a shadow of smoke.

　　　　We are all dream characters,

　　　　Our life is in a deep sleep.

　　　　The characters and scenes on the stage are fleeting like a mirage, and so is human life. Plague eliminated the differences between society, class, gender, dignity and individuals. In this line by Shakespeare, the meaning of "the whole world is a stage" is perhaps more complicated than we realized before-the great poet has refined the truth contained in the "stage" of "the world", that is, "impermanence".

　　　　Shakespeare always enjoys light and shadow, reveling in ugliness and beauty, loftiness and inferiority, richness and poverty, smallness and magnificence. He created Iago and imogen with the same pleasure. No matter in the dark and horrible image of tragedy or the graceful and dreamy image of comedy, we can see the development of his English historical drama to Roman drama, his exploration of the national identity of England and Britain, his interest in the marginal "other" (such as Shylock the Jew and Othello the Moor), and the complex female images he created … In his great works, the thinking about life and death runs through.

　　　　Shakespeare’s plays show people’s attitude towards death-not to deny death, but to give it special meaning and gain wisdom from it. In tragedy, those who are doomed to be destroyed by fate will not leave this world casually. On the contrary, they have a special mission. They always convey the noble and rational spirit of human beings seriously and fully through philosophical language, just like Hamlet. Only after completing such a mission will they leave the stage in a solemn way.

　　　　Great art is a spiritual vaccine given to the world by great writers.

　　　　When viruses and plagues threatened mankind, Shakespeare wrote the most brilliant poems. When Shakespeare looked at the impermanence of life and the truth of existence with rational eyes, he affirmed the human appeal of love, freedom and perfection buried behind it, the moral laws from the ideal kingdom of beauty and the sacred inner light beyond religion, all of which made us feel that the plague stopped in the poet’s poems. For Shakespeare, who was immersed in art, the plague hardly existed. By creating a bright and poetic world, he revealed why Shakespeare was so extraordinary in the Renaissance when the stars were shining.

　　　　(Author: Gu Chunfang, Professor and Doctoral Supervisor of Peking University Art Institute)